l carnitine tmao koeth 2013 nature medicine γ–Butyrobetaine is a pro-atherogenic intermediate in gut microbial metabolism of L-carnitine to Comparison of short-term and long-term

Comparison of short term and long term effects of peroral L carnitine intake: clinical implications of elevated TMAO levels in cardiovascular complications TMAO metaorganismal pathway and chronic inflammatory diseases JCI l Carnitine in omnivorous diets induces an atherogenic gut microbial pathway in humans Intestinal microbiota metabolism of l carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis Nature Medicine Meat metabolizing bacteria in atherosclerosis Nature Medicine Dietary allicin reduces transformation of L carnitine to TMAO through impact on gut microbiota ScienceDirect

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